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Xiagang is a Chinese term first utilised in 1995 by the Government of the People's Republic of China to describe the mass layoffs of state-owned enterprise (SOE) employees during the second half of the 1990s, when China was experiencing drastic transition from its socialist command economy aimed at egalitarianism and social welfare, to a "socialist market economy" characterized by radical privatization and competition. More than a quarter of the nation's SOE employees were laid off in the span of four years. By the end of 1999, over 24.4 million workers had lost their jobs and livelihood, and been left to seek new livings by themselves, particularly in the once-prosperous industrial regions of Northeast and North China, and the numbers only continued to rise over the following years.
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