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The 123rd Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army in September 1939, in the Kalinin Military District, based on the shtat of that month. It was barely formed when it was moved to the Leningrad Military District, joining the 7th Army on the Karelian Isthmus just before the start of the invasion of Finland on November 30. Along with the remainder of the Red Army units facing the Mannerheim Line it fared poorly in the attacks beginning on December 17 and was driven back with heavy losses. The remnants of the 123rd were pulled back behind the lines, fleshed out with numerous replacements, and given extensive training against mock-ups of the Finnish fortifications they would again face. The division returned to battle in February 1940 and succeeded in breaking the Line, for which it was awarded the Order of Lenin, the only division to be decorated before the ceasefire. Afterward it became part of 23rd Army, and remained on the Finnish border until after the start of the Continuation War in July 1941. During late August it was forced to conduct a costly fighting withdrawal from the Viipuri area south to the pre-Winter War Finnish-Soviet border, where it would remain defending besieged Leningrad until late 1942. It left 23rd Army in December and moved east to join 67th Army for the offensive that restored land communications with the city in January 1943, making the first contact with forces of 2nd Shock Army attacking from outside. From July into September the 123rd took part in two offensives that finally liberated Sinyavino, but failed to take the objective of Mga. After brief reassignments to 2nd Shock and 42nd Armies it was back in 67th Army at the start of the offensive that finally drove Army Group North away from Leningrad, and in February it was awarded a battle honor. From there it advanced to the Estonian border, being assigned to 59th Army before going into reserve. It returned to the front in August again in 42nd Army, now part of 2nd Baltic Front, and advanced into Latvia into December as the remnants of Army Group North were bottled up in the Courland Pocket. It spent early 1945 in this containment operation, mostly as part of 1st Shock Army, but in April it returned to 67th Army in Leningrad Front, where it ended the war. After the peace it was sent to Ukraine, where it was disbanded in January 1946.
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